The Protein Man's Blog | A Discussion of Protein Research

Cells are made up of recognizable structures that each serve their own purposes and have their own characteristics. Common subcellular markers are often used to distinguish cells from each other and to identify potential irregularities within the cellular structure. Though there are a multitude of subcellular markers available, a few of them are more common and more easily identified than others.

Extraction of proteins from cells and tissue of organisms is the first step towards isolation of proteins. The extracellular matrix needs to be removed or digested in case of tissue, the cell wall needs to be digested for organisms like bacteria, yeast and plants, and the cell membrane needs to be disrupted to release the proteins in solution. Traditionally, physical methods for disruption of cells and tissues are employed to release cellular proteins including sonication, french press, homogenization, manual grinding or using blenders.  Although one is able to get the active proteins, these physical methods have several limitations:

Protein analysis and identification through mass spectrometry first requires a breakdown of each protein into their composite peptides. Once the protein has been broken down, the peptides can be separated through the use of a reverse phase column and the peptides and peptide fragments can be measured using a mass spectrometer. 

Adjuvants play an important role in the antibody production by acting as immunopotentiators. They augment immune response via different mechanisms depending upon the adjuvant such as ‘depot’ effect, antigen presentation, antigen targeting, immune activation or modulation and cell-mediated response. The goal of adjuvant for antibody production is that high affinity, high titer and high avidity (for polyclonal) antibodies are raised. Both humoral and cell mediated response are necessary to achieve efficient antibody production. There are hundreds of preparations for adjuvants described in literature depending upon specific needs of an investigator. Nevertheless, most commonly and widely used adjuvants for antibody productions are few as listed below.